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Malicounda Bambara
Malicounda Bambara is a village (pop. 1,555)〔(UNICEF/Tostan. ''La Décennie qui a fait reculer l'excision.'' UNICEF: 2008, p. 14. )〕 in the M'bour Department of the Thiès Region in western Senegal, located approximately 85 km from the Senegalese capital of Dakar. Founded in 1902 by migrants from neighboring Mali in search of arable land, today the village counts ethnic bambaras, sarakolés, wolofs and socés among its population.〔UNICEF/Tostan. ''La Décennie qui a fait reculer l'excision.'' UNICEF: 2008, p. 14.〕 Malicounda Bambara is especially notable for being the first village in Senegal to publicly abandon the traditional practice of female genital cutting.
==The Declaration==
On July 31, 1997, the women of Malicounda Bambara decided to announce their decision to abandon female genital cutting (FGC) to the world. They were joined by 20 Senegalese journalists as well as representatives of the Ministries of Health and Family, Social Action and National Solidarity〔Tostan. ''Eclosion au Sénégal: Pourquoi les populations abandonnent la pratique de l'Excision.'' USAID: 1999, p. 49.〕 to witness the first public declaration ending the practice of FGC. This social convention is believed to have originated in Egypt over 2,000 years ago and today is practiced in at least 28 African countries.〔(ONCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. ''Eliminating Female genital mutilation: An interagency statement.'' WHO: 2008, p. 29. )〕 FGC is a social norm in practicing cultures, and an uncut women coming from a practicing village would be excluded from her social group, family, friends and have difficulty finding a spouse. The actual operation is usually done by a designated woman in the community at the behest of the mother or grandmother of the girl undergoing the procedure.
Halting FGC has been an aim of various local and international NGOs since the 1970s, when the term ''female genital mutilation'' was coined in order to establish, according to the WHO, "a clear linguistic distinction from male circumcision, and (emphasize ) the gravity and harm of the act."〔ONCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. ''Eliminating Female genital mutilation: An interagency statement.'' WHO: 2008, p. 22.〕 The term ''female genital cutting'' is generally preferred among agencies working to end the practice. FGC is seen as less stigmatizing than FGM, and indeed is the term used at the local level when discussed by practicing groups. NGOs working to end FGM/C in Senegal and elsewhere in Africa generally prefer to use FGC in an effort to communicate respect for traditional culture and avoid demonization of practitioners as well as women who have been subject to the procedure.
The women of Malicounda Bambara came to their decision while taking part in the Community Empowerment Program (CEP) of the international NGO Tostan, based in Dakar. Tostan's holistic program in fact does not take the abandonment of FGC as its overarching goal; the declaration of Malicounda Bambara was made entirely on the volition of the class members – with the support of the wider community – after sessions covering human rights, health and hygiene.
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